Sleep is important for all living creatures as it’s a time to recharge and process information from the day. For land animals, they’ll often find somewhere safe and comfortable to lay down and close their eyes. But if you own fish, you may have seen that they never close their eyes. In fact, most fish don’t have eyelids at all! Being unable to shut their eyes might get you wondering if fish sleep and if so, how?
On the whole, the answer is yes, fish do sleep. However, the way they sleep is completely different to humans, other mammals, and most animals too. When sleeping, most fish enter a restful state where they remain still, have lower metabolic rates, reduced breathing, and less brain activity. However, some fish need to constantly be moving so that oxygen-rich water passes over their gills, making it harder to judge if they’re asleep or not.
Whether fish sleep or not also depends on the species in question and how you define sleep. There are actually two ways of defining sleep; either by looking at sleep based on brain activity or by physical behaviour.
When you look at sleep based on brain activity, sleep is measured by specific changes in the brain’s electrical undertakings. This can be seen in mammals, birds and reptiles. However, this is not measured in fish, as it’s difficult to measure brainwaves underwater. Also, fish do not have a neocortex, which is where brainwaves are measured in humans. Therefore, if you use this definition, it’s hard to determine if they sleep or not. Although, one study on zebrafish shows that neural signatures are present in this species when sleeping.
However, if you look at fish sleeping from a behavioural and physical angle, most fish meet this definition. This definition is associated with reduced responsiveness, usually a lack of body movement, which is reversible.
Because of the uncertainty (although it’s agreed that fish rest), the nature of sleep in fish is an area of active research.
When a fish sleeps depends on the species. Some fish are awake during the day and sleep at night (diurnal), whereas others are more active at night (nocturnal). It appears that fish have specific sleep cycles that depend on the species, just like different land animals. One study suggests that fish produce hormones that regulate their sleeping patterns and regulate their body clocks, just like people. Although, some fish can easily switch which sleeping schedule they use depending on their needs. The white sucker fish will change its sleeping habits depending if it is shoaling or on its own.
Most aquarium fish are diurnal, with a few exceptions like some catfish, loaches and knife fish. There are also some differences in some species’ sleep patterns when it comes to age. For instance, Tilapia don’t even start sleeping until they’re 5-6 months old. Also, some species don’t sleep when caring for their eggs, like the stickleback male, which has to constantly fan oxygenated water over their eggs for days or weeks.
How and where fish sleep varies depending on the species and the individual. Some fish will find a place to hide, whereas others will keep swimming because they need to swim to ensure they get oxygenated water moving over their gills (though they will be swimming at a slower rate). Some smaller fish are able to keep oxygen flowing over their gills by simply moving their fins. Other fish will build a nest to sleep, even wedging themselves into coral, or they may simply hover above the floor.
Overall, when fish sleep, their breathing slows, as does their body movement.
If fish go to the bottom of the seabed (or tank, or riverbed), they may even sleep on their side. Loaches have even been known to sleep upside down.
The Queen parrotfish even produces a bag of mucus to sleep in. This mucus protects them from predators that may attack them while they’re sleeping.
You can actually tell if your aquarium fish is asleep, simply look out for these signs:
As most fish have a sleep schedule, it’s likely that you’ll see them exhibit the above behaviours at the same time each day.
If you have never kept a fish before, you may be wondering if you need to leave the aquarium light on throughout the night. In short, you should not leave the light on. This is because just like us humans, fish need light and darkness to survive, it helps to set both our internal body clocks.
And that’s not the only reason you should not keep the light on. The light can cause fish to become stressed, and it can make algae quickly grow in your tank, leaving it looking dirty.
Overall, it does appear that fish sleeping is just as common as us sleeping, though it is very different from how humans do it. As fish don’t have eyelids and many need to keep moving water over their gills, how they sleep has to be different to mammals. Sleep behaviours are seen, and they do seem to have sleeping patterns, although it varies between species.
